In linguistics, Morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure given by the language's morphemes and other linguistics units, such as root words, affixes, parts of speech, intonations and stressed or implied context. In contrast, morphological typology is the classification of the language according to their use of morphemes, while lexicology is the study of those words forming a language's wordstock.
While words, along with clitics are generally accepted as being the smallest units of syntax, it is clear that in most languages, if not all, words can be related to other words by rules (Grammar). For example, English speakers recognize that the words dog and dogs are closely related, differentiated only by the plurality morpheme "-s" only found bounds of nouns. Speakers of English, a fusional language, recognize these relations from their tacit knowledge of English's rules of word formation. They infer intuitively that dog is to the dogs as cat is to cats and in similar fashion, dog is to dog catcher as dish to dishwasher. Languages such as Classical Chinese "Mandarin" however, are compounds and most roots are bound). These are understood as grammars that represent the morphology in the language. The rules understood by the speaker reflect specific patterns or regularities in the way words are formed from smaller units in the language they are using and how those similar units interact in speech. In this way, morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies patterns of word formation within and across the languages and attempts to formulate that model the knowledge of the speakers of those languages.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)
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